If the 20th century was about who controlled oil, the 21st will be about who controls truth. India, the world’s largest democracy, has just entered this race.
On October 22, India’s Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released draft amendments to the Information Technology Rules (2021) that propose regulating synthetic media, including deepfakes and AI-generated content. The draft, open for public consultation until November 6, introduces a legal definition of “synthetically generated information” and mandates clear labeling of any content created or modified by algorithms.
If adopted, it would make India one of the first major democracies to legislate the blurred boundary between fact and fabrication. The proposal, according to media reports, would require platforms that enable or host synthetic content to display disclaimers covering at least 10% of an image or the first 10% of an audio clip. Large platforms, i.e., those with over five million users, would need to deploy automated detection tools and collect user declarations identifying AI-generated media.
Those who comply retain safe-harbor protection under India’s IT law; those who don’t could lose immunity for user content. The government’s intent is clear: stem AI-driven misinformation, impersonation, and national security risks before they destabilize institutions or elections. Yet this ambition exposes a fundamental tension: how can a democracy encourage innovation while protecting reality itself?
A fourth path emerges
The world’s three main AI governance models have already diverged. The EU’s AI Act is rights-driven, emphasizing privacy and watermarking. The United States relies on self-regulation and voluntary industry pledges. China enforces state control through sweeping “deep synthesis” rules.
India is charting a fourth path: governance built on trust. By regulating synthetic media before it triggers a national crisis, New Delhi is attempting something rare: preemptive, proportionate regulation at scale in a democracy.
With over 900 million internet users and some of the world’s fastest-growing AI startups, India’s regulatory design will inevitably shape how emerging markets approach digital truth. In this sense, the draft is less about compliance and more about geopolitical signaling. It tells Washington, Brussels and Beijing alike that the Global South will not remain a passive consumer of tech rules set elsewhere.
From data sovereignty to truth sovereignty
India’s digital policy evolution — from data localization to AI regulation — reveals a larger pattern: the assertion of digital sovereignty. What began as a debate over where data should reside has become a question of who decides what is real.
In practice, “truth sovereignty” means protecting the informational integrity of a billion citizens in an open, multilingual and highly polarized media ecosystem.
It’s also a matter of soft power. If India can demonstrate that democracies can regulate AI media without resorting to censorship, it could export a new “Bangalore Consensus”: an innovation-friendly, rights-respecting and transparency-rooted approach.
The global stakes
AI-generated misinformation is already a transnational problem. A deepfake robocall in the US used AI voice clones to suppress voters. Market shocks in Southeast Asia have stemmed from manipulated videos. In an era where influence can travel at the speed of an upload, governance must catch up with the generation.
Against this backdrop, India’s experiment is a test case for the world: can regulation steer the digital future without strangling it? Failure would reinforce the view that only authoritarian systems can effectively police AI. Success would show that open societies can adapt fast enough to remain resilient. Either way, what India builds or breaks will resonate far beyond its borders.
The new arms race: trust
As the US and China compete over chips, India is competing over credibility. India’s true export won’t be semiconductors; it will be standards: frameworks for watermarking, provenance and responsible AI disclosure.
This is where India’s deepfake regulation transforms from policy to diplomacy. A coalition of democracies around shared principles of digital integrity — an Indo-Pacific Charter on AI Authenticity — could be as influential as the Paris Agreement was for climate change.
Because in this century, trust is the new strategic resource.
If India gets it right
If done right, these regulations could do for information integrity what Aadhaar did for digital identity: provide the infrastructure for authenticity at scale. If done wrong, they could entangle innovators in red tape and push creativity underground. Either way, the rest of the world should pay attention.
India is not just regulating technology. It is redesigning the contract between democracy and truth. And if it succeeds, the next export from the world’s largest democracy won’t be software or services; it will be trust.
[Kaitlyn Diana edited this piece.]
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observer’s editorial policy.
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